Difference between revisions of "Newspaper via Radio Facsimile"

From Dead Media Archive
Jump to: navigation, search
Line 1: Line 1:
 
[[Image:Untitled 5.jpg|thumb|right|Children read completed pages as they are being fed out of the fascimile]]
 
[[Image:Untitled 5.jpg|thumb|right|Children read completed pages as they are being fed out of the fascimile]]
  
[[Image:Untitled 4.jpg|thumb|left|Womand watches as the Miami Herald is printed]]
+
 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
==General Information==
 +
Developed by John V L. Hogan on June 16, 1934, the facsimile system, and its utilization to transmission of newspaper, was originally intended to broadcast a full newspaper into the home.  At the time there was no national newspaper that could be easily distributed into every household across the country.  The radio facsimile was designed to help this problem. The receiver attached to a household radio and was about the size of a record player.  It printed out a four-column newspaper at a rate of about 500 words a minute with relative clarity in black and white on a roll of paper.  The broadcasters wanted to ensure that the paper printed at a normal reading pace, (or slightly faster to make up for illustrations (Hills 14).
 +
 
 +
 
 +
There is some discrepancy over what the original costs were.  Rolls of paper went from very costly in 1936 to only $1.00 in 1946.  Also, according to an article in the New York Times, the receiver would cost no more than a portable typewriter.  However, according to an article in Radio-Craft Magazine in May 1939, the manufacturer would be able to supply receivers at a cost of around $250.00. Right before the onset of World War II, two-column facsimile receivers cost about $75 each (Payne 291).  According to FCC regulation the entire paper printed in a standard 15-minute broadcast time to coincide with regular news radio broadcasts.  That broke down to 28 inches a minute for four facsimile pages 11.5 inches long and 8.2 inches wide (Hills 14). It seems likely that this final judgment regarding the most efficient and effective paper size has directly influenced what is considered the standard size of paper today.
 +
[[Image:Untitled 4.jpg|thumb|right|Womand watches as the Miami Herald is printed]]
 +
 
 +
==Intended Uses==
 +
 
 +
The newspaper via radio facsimile started as a means of relaying charts and information between shore and ships at sea.  The army also took interest in it as a means of providing front-line photographs to otherwise inaccessible locations. The newspaper via radio facsimile allowed for a newspaper to be distributed anywhere in the world that could pick up a radio signal.  Newspapers were no longer bounded by personal hand delivery and the costs of trucks (which was becoming even more costly with the rising oil prices).  According to the New York Times, who first began their delivery of a four page facsimile edition of their paper on February 16th, 1948, made sure to note in their description of this new practice that “it is not, nor is it intended to be, a substitute for the regular editions. The facsimile edition, for instance, has only four pages, each less than one quarter the size of a regular newspaper page.” In addition to this alteration, their newspaper via radio
 +
facsimile makes only one copy, as opposed to the thousands that a normal newspaper press can produce. It therefore should be looked at as another means of transmission because the same staff is needed equally to produce the facsimile edition as the normal edition of the newspaper. 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
==Advertisements of the Fascimile==
 +
 
 +
Times Facsimile Corporation was a subsidiary of the New York Times Company that made the multitude of articles tracing the path of this technology making them seem like advertisements.  Even though there seem to be no traces of direct advertisements for the newspaper via radio facsimile, there are many articles covering the technology including pictures of people posing next to the devices in their homes.  Advertisements were included in the radio facsimile just as a normal print newspaper.  The ads ranged from ladies’ coats to bedroom furniture.
 +
 
 +
==How The Radio Fascimile Worked==
 +
 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
The machine responsible for sending (called the “scanner-transmitter”) included a photo-electric cell attached to a drum that spun at a very fast rate in front of a beam of light.  The light would scan over the paper, transmitting it into radio waves.  At the receiving end-the person’s home- a varying electric signal caused minute metal particles to pass from the printing blade inside the machine to the chemically treated paper on the drum.  This process reproduced both the blacks and grays necessary for a clear newspaper to be produced. (NYT, Facsimile Paper ‘Printed’ by Radio)
 +
 
 +
[[Image:Untitled.jpg|thumb|right|Inner workings of a fascimile scanner]]
 +
 
 +
==History of Invention==
 +
 
 +
The theory of the facsimile started in 1842 with Alexander Bain, an English physicist when he created the electrochemical recording telegraph.  This telegraph employed a wire circuit to mark paper.  The early radio facsimile experiments started in the 1920s over AM broadcasting.  Radio Corporation of America participated in these experiments.  They concentrated on developing commercial short-wave facsimile but stopped this service in 1936.  According to their book Facsimile, Hills and Sullivan note how it “was hailed on the one hand as heralding a revolution in the dissemination of news and pictures.  It was damned on the other hand as being the ‘fanciest way yet devised to do bad printing’” (6). 
 +
 
 +
In 1924, The American Telephone and Telegraph Company transmitted photographs between London and New York by wire.  However, they were sent as photographic negatives that had to be reprinted as photos.
 +
 
 +
In 1926, Austin G. Cooley (who was the eventual chief of Times Facsimile, Inc. in New York) developed the “ray photo”, or radio photograph system that involved a corona discharge that created an image at the recorder.  Over 27 broadcasters experimented with this technology and demonstrated it to the public, however, it was ultimately deemed too slow as it took three minutes to record twenty square inches. Cooley Hills notes that Cooley’s “developments gave impetus to facsimile generally” (7). Around 1936, RCA developed an “ultrahigh-frequency receiver, a carbon-paper recorder, and a device for cutting off the facsimile pages as received and stacking them in a tray” (8).  The receiver was pre-tuned, automatic, and could be turned on/off from the transmitter with the push of a button. 
  
 
[[Image:Untitled 3.jpg|thumb|right]]
 
[[Image:Untitled 3.jpg|thumb|right]]
  
[[Image:Untitled 2.jpg|thumb|right|A newspaper being sent via fascimile]]
+
==Initial Drawbacks And Rebirth==
 +
 
 +
The newspaper via radio facsimile experienced initial drawbacks because the systems were too slow.  Most sheets were too small, measuring only three inches wide, which did not allow for quality images or print. The information passed along the facsimiles was not that intriguing.  In addition, broadcasters failed to regularly schedule facsimile programs, making it difficult to know when to expect them.  Not to mention the fact that the transmitters and the entire production process was too expensive to be considered practical.  All of these factors contributed to the fact that there were only four stations broadcasting via facsimile at the time of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.
 +
 
 +
Newspaper unions also halted the initial take off of the radio facsimile because they feared being replaced by these electronic machines.  Craven notes in his 1941 article “New Horizons in Radio” that the newspaper industry included millions of dollars in capital and thousands of employed labor (128).  It was feared that the newspaper industry would crumble and the economy would suffer.
 +
 
 +
However, with the onset of World War II, companies like Hogan’s Radio Inventions, Inc., were hired to do facsimile research for the United States government, and they attacked said issues with full force. The war brought to light the many capabilities of this equipment still unexplored, and revived people’s interest in further developing it into a profitable product for the masses. Improvements such as an increase in the speed of recording, enlarging the size of paper used, and a reduction in the amount of noise produced during transmission were all largely responsible for the ensuing growth of the commercialized radio facsimile.
 +
 
 +
[[Image:Untitled 2.jpg|thumb|left|A newspaper being sent via fascimile]]
 +
 
 +
==Radio Fascimile Today==
  
[[Image:Untitled.jpg|thumb|left|Inner workings of a fascimile scanner]]
+
Although the concept of news via radio facsimile was never fully embraced, there have been continual, yet sporadic attempts to successfully commercialize this means of newspaper transmission. As recent as 1991, the New York Times reported on the existence of a one page fax paper, Fax Today, being distributed in two small towns in Illinois. While aware of its limited commercial success in the past, the creators of Fax Today hoped that free subscriptions of the paper would help to transform this means of newspaper transmission into a more profitable and ubiquitous function of radio facsimile technology. (Jones 1

Revision as of 16:33, 16 October 2007

Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination
Children read completed pages as they are being fed out of the fascimile




General Information

Developed by John V L. Hogan on June 16, 1934, the facsimile system, and its utilization to transmission of newspaper, was originally intended to broadcast a full newspaper into the home. At the time there was no national newspaper that could be easily distributed into every household across the country. The radio facsimile was designed to help this problem. The receiver attached to a household radio and was about the size of a record player. It printed out a four-column newspaper at a rate of about 500 words a minute with relative clarity in black and white on a roll of paper. The broadcasters wanted to ensure that the paper printed at a normal reading pace, (or slightly faster to make up for illustrations (Hills 14).


There is some discrepancy over what the original costs were. Rolls of paper went from very costly in 1936 to only $1.00 in 1946. Also, according to an article in the New York Times, the receiver would cost no more than a portable typewriter. However, according to an article in Radio-Craft Magazine in May 1939, the manufacturer would be able to supply receivers at a cost of around $250.00. Right before the onset of World War II, two-column facsimile receivers cost about $75 each (Payne 291). According to FCC regulation the entire paper printed in a standard 15-minute broadcast time to coincide with regular news radio broadcasts. That broke down to 28 inches a minute for four facsimile pages 11.5 inches long and 8.2 inches wide (Hills 14). It seems likely that this final judgment regarding the most efficient and effective paper size has directly influenced what is considered the standard size of paper today.

Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination
Womand watches as the Miami Herald is printed

Intended Uses

The newspaper via radio facsimile started as a means of relaying charts and information between shore and ships at sea. The army also took interest in it as a means of providing front-line photographs to otherwise inaccessible locations. The newspaper via radio facsimile allowed for a newspaper to be distributed anywhere in the world that could pick up a radio signal. Newspapers were no longer bounded by personal hand delivery and the costs of trucks (which was becoming even more costly with the rising oil prices). According to the New York Times, who first began their delivery of a four page facsimile edition of their paper on February 16th, 1948, made sure to note in their description of this new practice that “it is not, nor is it intended to be, a substitute for the regular editions. The facsimile edition, for instance, has only four pages, each less than one quarter the size of a regular newspaper page.” In addition to this alteration, their newspaper via radio facsimile makes only one copy, as opposed to the thousands that a normal newspaper press can produce. It therefore should be looked at as another means of transmission because the same staff is needed equally to produce the facsimile edition as the normal edition of the newspaper.


Advertisements of the Fascimile

Times Facsimile Corporation was a subsidiary of the New York Times Company that made the multitude of articles tracing the path of this technology making them seem like advertisements. Even though there seem to be no traces of direct advertisements for the newspaper via radio facsimile, there are many articles covering the technology including pictures of people posing next to the devices in their homes. Advertisements were included in the radio facsimile just as a normal print newspaper. The ads ranged from ladies’ coats to bedroom furniture.

How The Radio Fascimile Worked

The machine responsible for sending (called the “scanner-transmitter”) included a photo-electric cell attached to a drum that spun at a very fast rate in front of a beam of light. The light would scan over the paper, transmitting it into radio waves. At the receiving end-the person’s home- a varying electric signal caused minute metal particles to pass from the printing blade inside the machine to the chemically treated paper on the drum. This process reproduced both the blacks and grays necessary for a clear newspaper to be produced. (NYT, Facsimile Paper ‘Printed’ by Radio)

Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination
Inner workings of a fascimile scanner

History of Invention

The theory of the facsimile started in 1842 with Alexander Bain, an English physicist when he created the electrochemical recording telegraph. This telegraph employed a wire circuit to mark paper. The early radio facsimile experiments started in the 1920s over AM broadcasting. Radio Corporation of America participated in these experiments. They concentrated on developing commercial short-wave facsimile but stopped this service in 1936. According to their book Facsimile, Hills and Sullivan note how it “was hailed on the one hand as heralding a revolution in the dissemination of news and pictures. It was damned on the other hand as being the ‘fanciest way yet devised to do bad printing’” (6).

In 1924, The American Telephone and Telegraph Company transmitted photographs between London and New York by wire. However, they were sent as photographic negatives that had to be reprinted as photos.

In 1926, Austin G. Cooley (who was the eventual chief of Times Facsimile, Inc. in New York) developed the “ray photo”, or radio photograph system that involved a corona discharge that created an image at the recorder. Over 27 broadcasters experimented with this technology and demonstrated it to the public, however, it was ultimately deemed too slow as it took three minutes to record twenty square inches. Cooley Hills notes that Cooley’s “developments gave impetus to facsimile generally” (7). Around 1936, RCA developed an “ultrahigh-frequency receiver, a carbon-paper recorder, and a device for cutting off the facsimile pages as received and stacking them in a tray” (8). The receiver was pre-tuned, automatic, and could be turned on/off from the transmitter with the push of a button.

Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination

Initial Drawbacks And Rebirth

The newspaper via radio facsimile experienced initial drawbacks because the systems were too slow. Most sheets were too small, measuring only three inches wide, which did not allow for quality images or print. The information passed along the facsimiles was not that intriguing. In addition, broadcasters failed to regularly schedule facsimile programs, making it difficult to know when to expect them. Not to mention the fact that the transmitters and the entire production process was too expensive to be considered practical. All of these factors contributed to the fact that there were only four stations broadcasting via facsimile at the time of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.

Newspaper unions also halted the initial take off of the radio facsimile because they feared being replaced by these electronic machines. Craven notes in his 1941 article “New Horizons in Radio” that the newspaper industry included millions of dollars in capital and thousands of employed labor (128). It was feared that the newspaper industry would crumble and the economy would suffer.

However, with the onset of World War II, companies like Hogan’s Radio Inventions, Inc., were hired to do facsimile research for the United States government, and they attacked said issues with full force. The war brought to light the many capabilities of this equipment still unexplored, and revived people’s interest in further developing it into a profitable product for the masses. Improvements such as an increase in the speed of recording, enlarging the size of paper used, and a reduction in the amount of noise produced during transmission were all largely responsible for the ensuing growth of the commercialized radio facsimile.

Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination
A newspaper being sent via fascimile

Radio Fascimile Today

Although the concept of news via radio facsimile was never fully embraced, there have been continual, yet sporadic attempts to successfully commercialize this means of newspaper transmission. As recent as 1991, the New York Times reported on the existence of a one page fax paper, Fax Today, being distributed in two small towns in Illinois. While aware of its limited commercial success in the past, the creators of Fax Today hoped that free subscriptions of the paper would help to transform this means of newspaper transmission into a more profitable and ubiquitous function of radio facsimile technology. (Jones 1