http://cultureandcommunication.org/deadmedia/index.php?title=Nautical_Figureheads&feed=atom&action=historyNautical Figureheads - Revision history2024-03-29T09:23:41ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.25.2http://cultureandcommunication.org/deadmedia/index.php?title=Nautical_Figureheads&diff=11226&oldid=prevKTHeller: /* Derrivative Forms */2010-10-25T19:35:21Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Derrivative Forms</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Derrivative </del>Forms=</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Derivative </ins>Forms=</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Decontextualization==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Decontextualization==</div></td></tr>
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</table>KTHellerhttp://cultureandcommunication.org/deadmedia/index.php?title=Nautical_Figureheads&diff=10999&oldid=prevBkpb at 17:28, 18 October 20102010-10-18T17:28:46Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>By 1928, According to Stoodley, “cars were reconfigured to render radiator caps obsolete, and ultimately most countries outlawed them for fear of the injuries they could inflict on pedestrians in a crash”.  Factory ornaments continue to characterize some luxury cars today, but they are designed to recede on impact and they are no longer connected to the cars' mechanical systems.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>By 1928, According to Stoodley, “cars were reconfigured to render radiator caps obsolete, and ultimately most countries outlawed them for fear of the injuries they could inflict on pedestrians in a crash”.  Factory ornaments continue to characterize some luxury cars today, but they are designed to recede on impact and they are no longer connected to the cars' mechanical systems.</div></td></tr>
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</table>Bkpbhttp://cultureandcommunication.org/deadmedia/index.php?title=Nautical_Figureheads&diff=10996&oldid=prevBkpb: /* Figureheads Today */2010-10-18T17:24:30Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Figureheads Today</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Since the 19th century, the demands of speed, reliability, and light weight have rendered sculpted figureheads more or less obsolete.  Two-dimensional art has replaced sculpture as the ornamentation of choice on airplanes, spacecraft and missiles.  This transition began as early as 1900, when technological advancements in canal boating led to both a decline in sculpted figureheads and an increase in painted adornments (Lewery).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Since the 19th century, the demands of speed, reliability, and light weight have rendered sculpted figureheads more or less obsolete.  Two-dimensional art has replaced sculpture as the ornamentation of choice on airplanes, spacecraft and missiles.  This transition began as early as 1900, when technological advancements in canal boating led to both a decline in sculpted figureheads and an increase in painted adornments (Lewery).</div></td></tr>
</table>Bkpbhttp://cultureandcommunication.org/deadmedia/index.php?title=Nautical_Figureheads&diff=10992&oldid=prevJah450: /* Hood Ornaments */2010-10-18T17:17:40Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Hood Ornaments</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>By the turn of the 20th century, wooden ships and figureheads had fallen almost completely from favor as symbols for technological or market potential.  They were replaced first by steam powered ships, and later by automobiles, airplanes, and space, among others.  The use of figurehead-like ornamentation, however, lives on today in various remediated forms.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>By the turn of the 20th century, wooden ships and figureheads had fallen almost completely from favor as symbols for technological or market potential.  They were replaced first by steam powered ships, and later by automobiles, airplanes, and space, among others.  The use of figurehead-like ornamentation, however, lives on today in various remediated forms.</div></td></tr>
</table>Jah450http://cultureandcommunication.org/deadmedia/index.php?title=Nautical_Figureheads&diff=10991&oldid=prevSarahpatten at 17:13, 18 October 20102010-10-18T17:13:56Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The U.S. Constitution was one of the first ships built for the American navy. By the 1830’s it had fallen into disrepair and the navy proposed abandoning it. Oliver Wendell Holmes headed a sentimental and patriotic campaign to restore it with his poem “Old Ironsides” (Sessions 56). Under public pressure, the Navy, encouraged by president Andrew Jackson, had the ship rebuilt in Boston. Though the Constitution had originally been decorated with a figure of Hercules, because of his encouragement and a visit to Boston during the repairs, ship-carver Laban Smith Beecher was commissioned to build an Andrew Jackson figure for the restored ship. Anti-Jacksonians offered Beecher the enormous sum of $1,500 to steal the carving. Eventually, in July of 1834, Jackson’s woodenhead was cut off and stolen by a young hooligan named Samuel Dewey (Byvanck 254). The story made it into every American newspaper providing anti-Jacksonian papers like the Daily Transcript and the Columbian Centinel with endless satire and outraging Jackson supporters in papers like The Evening Post (Byvanck 257).  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The U.S. Constitution was one of the first ships built for the American navy. By the 1830’s it had fallen into disrepair and the navy proposed abandoning it. Oliver Wendell Holmes headed a sentimental and patriotic campaign to restore it with his poem “Old Ironsides” (Sessions 56). Under public pressure, the Navy, encouraged by president Andrew Jackson, had the ship rebuilt in Boston. Though the Constitution had originally been decorated with a figure of Hercules, because of his encouragement and a visit to Boston during the repairs, ship-carver Laban Smith Beecher was commissioned to build an Andrew Jackson figure for the restored ship. Anti-Jacksonians offered Beecher the enormous sum of $1,500 to steal the carving. Eventually, in July of 1834, Jackson’s woodenhead was cut off and stolen by a young hooligan named Samuel Dewey (Byvanck 254). The story made it into every American newspaper providing anti-Jacksonian papers like the Daily Transcript and the Columbian Centinel with endless satire and outraging Jackson supporters in papers like The Evening Post (Byvanck 257).  </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:05jackson_CA0-articleInline.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Andrew Jackson Figurehead.  Click for full-size image and more information.]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:05jackson_CA0-articleInline.jpg|200px|thumb|right|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Reunited pieces of the </ins>Andrew Jackson Figurehead.  Click for full-size image and more information.]]</div></td></tr>
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</table>Sarahpattenhttp://cultureandcommunication.org/deadmedia/index.php?title=Nautical_Figureheads&diff=10989&oldid=prevJah450 at 17:12, 18 October 20102010-10-18T17:12:42Z<p></p>
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<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">Revision as of 17:12, 18 October 2010</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="L1" >Line 1:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category:Fall 2010]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category:Fall 2010]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[File:femalefigurehead1.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Click for full-size image]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Sometimes referred to as "Neptune's wooden angels" (Hansen i), Nautical figureheads have been in use since antiquity for various purposes.  This article is about sculpted wooden figureheads, particularly those with human subjects which were in favor between 1500 and 1900.  These human figureheads are telling of attitudes popular in their day regarding sailing, exploration, and international trade.  As the popularity of wooden boats waned in the 19th century, so too did the popularity of wooden figureheads.  New forms of transportation and ornamentation replaced wooden ships and figureheads as signifiers of industry and progress in the 20th century as the wooden figurehead began to take up residence in galleries and museums.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Sometimes referred to as "Neptune's wooden angels" (Hansen i), Nautical figureheads have been in use since antiquity for various purposes.  This article is about sculpted wooden figureheads, particularly those with human subjects which were in favor between 1500 and 1900.  These human figureheads are telling of attitudes popular in their day regarding sailing, exploration, and international trade.  As the popularity of wooden boats waned in the 19th century, so too did the popularity of wooden figureheads.  New forms of transportation and ornamentation replaced wooden ships and figureheads as signifiers of industry and progress in the 20th century as the wooden figurehead began to take up residence in galleries and museums.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="L9" >Line 9:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 10:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=Human Figureheads=  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=Human Figureheads=  </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Baroque Era and Group Figureheads==  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Baroque Era and Group Figureheads==  </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[File:GroupBaraqueFigurehead.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Rendering of a group figurehead.  Click for full-size image and more information.]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>During the Baroque era, it was common for high-ranking ships to be decorated with elaborately designed groups of carvings. These sculptures, which included figures such as gods, goddesses, monarchs, putti, horses, winged horses, and mermaids, were often life-sized and full of symbolism for the fleet to which the ship belonged. Charles Le Brun, Jean Berain, and Pierre Puget are some of the most notable ship artists during this period and decorated ships that largely occupied the Mediterranean ports of Marseilles and Toulon. Pierre Puget, in particular, became notorious for the scope, weight, and expansiveness of his designs. According to Ralph Sessions, Puget's design for the stern of a boat named "Madam" “featured four large figures flanking a central relief of a fashionable woman in an interior. Above and below the panel, putti and other decorative devices are combined with ornately carved balustrades and galleries" (17).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>During the Baroque era, it was common for high-ranking ships to be decorated with elaborately designed groups of carvings. These sculptures, which included figures such as gods, goddesses, monarchs, putti, horses, winged horses, and mermaids, were often life-sized and full of symbolism for the fleet to which the ship belonged. Charles Le Brun, Jean Berain, and Pierre Puget are some of the most notable ship artists during this period and decorated ships that largely occupied the Mediterranean ports of Marseilles and Toulon. Pierre Puget, in particular, became notorious for the scope, weight, and expansiveness of his designs. According to Ralph Sessions, Puget's design for the stern of a boat named "Madam" “featured four large figures flanking a central relief of a fashionable woman in an interior. Above and below the panel, putti and other decorative devices are combined with ornately carved balustrades and galleries" (17).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="L23" >Line 23:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 26:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Clothed women also made popular figureheads in the 19th century. British ships often carried figures of female royalty like the Queen Victoria figure commissioned by Junius Smith (1780-1853) for his famous paddle steamer British Queen; a depiction of the queen in her coronation outfit, that she reportedly found quite flattering (Lewis 838). Shipbuilders and masters also commissioned becoming portraits of their wives and daughters for their own ships. Sometimes, these women were portrayed as neo-classical goddesses or as personifications of a ship’s homeport like the carving on the grain transporting craft Queen of Oregon (Lewis 837). Most likely because of her frequent contributions to sailor’s homes and maritime benevolent institutions the Swedish diva Jenny Lind appeared on over thirty five figureheads in the eighteen hundreds. Though, undoubtedly certain sailors clung to superstitions about women and the ocean, during the nineteenth century feminine figures became sailor’s mascots rather than harbingers of bad luck.  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Clothed women also made popular figureheads in the 19th century. British ships often carried figures of female royalty like the Queen Victoria figure commissioned by Junius Smith (1780-1853) for his famous paddle steamer British Queen; a depiction of the queen in her coronation outfit, that she reportedly found quite flattering (Lewis 838). Shipbuilders and masters also commissioned becoming portraits of their wives and daughters for their own ships. Sometimes, these women were portrayed as neo-classical goddesses or as personifications of a ship’s homeport like the carving on the grain transporting craft Queen of Oregon (Lewis 837). Most likely because of her frequent contributions to sailor’s homes and maritime benevolent institutions the Swedish diva Jenny Lind appeared on over thirty five figureheads in the eighteen hundreds. Though, undoubtedly certain sailors clung to superstitions about women and the ocean, during the nineteenth century feminine figures became sailor’s mascots rather than harbingers of bad luck.  </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Neo-Classical==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Neo-Classical==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Legislation restricting the size and weight of figurehead sculptures and the amount of money designated for their creation combined changing fashions and aesthetics, transformed the style of  figureheads from the baroque to the “more austere Neo-classical style” (Sessions 20) towards the end of the 18th  century. Instead of multiple figures and characters, sculptors began creating “full-length, single figureheads on larger vessels and bust portraits and billetheads on smaller ships” (Sessions 20). </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:decglory.jpg|150px|thumb|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">left</del>|Greek goddess figurehead]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:decglory.jpg|150px|thumb|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">right</ins>|Greek goddess figurehead]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Legislation restricting the size and weight of figurehead sculptures and the amount of money designated for their creation combined changing fashions and aesthetics, transformed the style of  figureheads from the baroque to the “more austere Neo-classical style” (Sessions 20) towards the end of the 18th  century. Instead of multiple figures and characters, sculptors began creating “full-length, single figureheads on larger vessels and bust portraits and billetheads on smaller ships” (Sessions 20). </del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Even when depictions of actual Greco-Roman mythology became less popular, sculptures of political figures or monarchs were usually still done in the style of neo-classicism. For example, as seen in a design drawing of a French ship of the line “Royal Louis”, the figurehead of Louis XV is shown “framed by lush tendrils in the transitional style between Rococo and Classisism, and with the whole figure in Roman dress, conforming to the taste of the time.” (Hansen 22).  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Even when depictions of actual Greco-Roman mythology became less popular, sculptures of political figures or monarchs were usually still done in the style of neo-classicism. For example, as seen in a design drawing of a French ship of the line “Royal Louis”, the figurehead of Louis XV is shown “framed by lush tendrils in the transitional style between Rococo and Classisism, and with the whole figure in Roman dress, conforming to the taste of the time.” (Hansen 22).  </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The mythological figures represented in the carvings were usually the same as the name of the ship it belonged to. “Apollo, Zeus, Mars, Mercury, Achilles, Andromeda, Venus, Naiad, and, naturally Neptune and Poseidon”(Hansen 21) are all examples. Neo-classical aesthetics remained popular with until wooden ships became obsolete in the 19th Century and were still seen “around the turn of the last century in the countless merchant ships which bore the names of classical gods and heroes” (Hansen 21).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The mythological figures represented in the carvings were usually the same as the name of the ship it belonged to. “Apollo, Zeus, Mars, Mercury, Achilles, Andromeda, Venus, Naiad, and, naturally Neptune and Poseidon”(Hansen 21) are all examples. Neo-classical aesthetics remained popular with until wooden ships became obsolete in the 19th Century and were still seen “around the turn of the last century in the countless merchant ships which bore the names of classical gods and heroes” (Hansen 21).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="L58" >Line 58:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 56:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===The Andrew Jackson Figurehead===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===The Andrew Jackson Figurehead===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The U.S. Constitution was one of the first ships built for the American navy. By the 1830’s it had fallen into disrepair and the navy proposed abandoning it. Oliver Wendell Holmes headed a sentimental and patriotic campaign to restore it with his poem “Old Ironsides” (Sessions 56). Under public pressure, the Navy, encouraged by president Andrew Jackson, had the ship rebuilt in Boston. Though the Constitution had originally been decorated with a figure of Hercules, because of his encouragement and a visit to Boston during the repairs, ship-carver Laban Smith Beecher was commissioned to build an Andrew Jackson figure for the restored ship. Anti-Jacksonians offered Beecher the enormous sum of $1,500 to steal the carving. Eventually, in July of 1834, Jackson’s woodenhead was cut off and stolen by a young hooligan named Samuel Dewey (Byvanck 254). The story made it into every American newspaper providing anti-Jacksonian papers like the Daily Transcript and the Columbian Centinel with endless satire and outraging Jackson supporters in papers like The Evening Post (Byvanck 257).  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The U.S. Constitution was one of the first ships built for the American navy. By the 1830’s it had fallen into disrepair and the navy proposed abandoning it. Oliver Wendell Holmes headed a sentimental and patriotic campaign to restore it with his poem “Old Ironsides” (Sessions 56). Under public pressure, the Navy, encouraged by president Andrew Jackson, had the ship rebuilt in Boston. Though the Constitution had originally been decorated with a figure of Hercules, because of his encouragement and a visit to Boston during the repairs, ship-carver Laban Smith Beecher was commissioned to build an Andrew Jackson figure for the restored ship. Anti-Jacksonians offered Beecher the enormous sum of $1,500 to steal the carving. Eventually, in July of 1834, Jackson’s woodenhead was cut off and stolen by a young hooligan named Samuel Dewey (Byvanck 254). The story made it into every American newspaper providing anti-Jacksonian papers like the Daily Transcript and the Columbian Centinel with endless satire and outraging Jackson supporters in papers like The Evening Post (Byvanck 257).  </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">File.</del>05jackson_CA0-articleInline.jpg]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:05jackson_CA0-articleInline.jpg<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|200px|thumb|right|Andrew Jackson Figurehead.  Click for full-size image and more information.</ins>]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Caricature and Stereotypes==  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Caricature and Stereotypes==  </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="L86" >Line 86:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 85:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Cigar Store Indians==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Cigar Store Indians==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[File:cigarstoreindian.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Cigar Store Indian.  Click for more information and full-size image]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Depictions of Native Americans were popular as figureheads as early as the sixteenth century, functioning to symbolically represent “European discovery and conquest” (Sessions 86).  By 1810, statues of Indian figures in the Neoclassical style began appearing in port town Tobacco shops, carved by nautical artists.  As the ship building and figurehead carving industries contracted throughout the 1800's, commercial sculptors increasingly relied upon cigar store indians and other show figures to provide income.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Depictions of Native Americans were popular as figureheads as early as the sixteenth century, functioning to symbolically represent “European discovery and conquest” (Sessions 86).  By 1810, statues of Indian figures in the Neoclassical style began appearing in port town Tobacco shops, carved by nautical artists.  As the ship building and figurehead carving industries contracted throughout the 1800's, commercial sculptors increasingly relied upon cigar store indians and other show figures to provide income.</div></td></tr>
</table>Jah450http://cultureandcommunication.org/deadmedia/index.php?title=Nautical_Figureheads&diff=10985&oldid=prevBkpb at 17:05, 18 October 20102010-10-18T17:05:41Z<p></p>
<table class='diff diff-contentalign-left'>
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<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">Revision as of 17:05, 18 October 2010</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="L31" >Line 31:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 31:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The mythological figures represented in the carvings were usually the same as the name of the ship it belonged to. “Apollo, Zeus, Mars, Mercury, Achilles, Andromeda, Venus, Naiad, and, naturally Neptune and Poseidon”(Hansen 21) are all examples. Neo-classical aesthetics remained popular with until wooden ships became obsolete in the 19th Century and were still seen “around the turn of the last century in the countless merchant ships which bore the names of classical gods and heroes” (Hansen 21).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The mythological figures represented in the carvings were usually the same as the name of the ship it belonged to. “Apollo, Zeus, Mars, Mercury, Achilles, Andromeda, Venus, Naiad, and, naturally Neptune and Poseidon”(Hansen 21) are all examples. Neo-classical aesthetics remained popular with until wooden ships became obsolete in the 19th Century and were still seen “around the turn of the last century in the countless merchant ships which bore the names of classical gods and heroes” (Hansen 21).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
</table>Bkpbhttp://cultureandcommunication.org/deadmedia/index.php?title=Nautical_Figureheads&diff=10984&oldid=prevBkpb at 17:04, 18 October 20102010-10-18T17:04:51Z<p></p>
<table class='diff diff-contentalign-left'>
<col class='diff-marker' />
<col class='diff-content' />
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<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">Revision as of 17:04, 18 October 2010</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="L31" >Line 31:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 31:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The mythological figures represented in the carvings were usually the same as the name of the ship it belonged to. “Apollo, Zeus, Mars, Mercury, Achilles, Andromeda, Venus, Naiad, and, naturally Neptune and Poseidon”(Hansen 21) are all examples. Neo-classical aesthetics remained popular with until wooden ships became obsolete in the 19th Century and were still seen “around the turn of the last century in the countless merchant ships which bore the names of classical gods and heroes” (Hansen 21).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The mythological figures represented in the carvings were usually the same as the name of the ship it belonged to. “Apollo, Zeus, Mars, Mercury, Achilles, Andromeda, Venus, Naiad, and, naturally Neptune and Poseidon”(Hansen 21) are all examples. Neo-classical aesthetics remained popular with until wooden ships became obsolete in the 19th Century and were still seen “around the turn of the last century in the countless merchant ships which bore the names of classical gods and heroes” (Hansen 21).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
</table>Bkpbhttp://cultureandcommunication.org/deadmedia/index.php?title=Nautical_Figureheads&diff=10983&oldid=prevBkpb at 17:04, 18 October 20102010-10-18T17:04:10Z<p></p>
<table class='diff diff-contentalign-left'>
<col class='diff-marker' />
<col class='diff-content' />
<col class='diff-marker' />
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<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">Revision as of 17:04, 18 October 2010</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="L23" >Line 23:</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Clothed women also made popular figureheads in the 19th century. British ships often carried figures of female royalty like the Queen Victoria figure commissioned by Junius Smith (1780-1853) for his famous paddle steamer British Queen; a depiction of the queen in her coronation outfit, that she reportedly found quite flattering (Lewis 838). Shipbuilders and masters also commissioned becoming portraits of their wives and daughters for their own ships. Sometimes, these women were portrayed as neo-classical goddesses or as personifications of a ship’s homeport like the carving on the grain transporting craft Queen of Oregon (Lewis 837). Most likely because of her frequent contributions to sailor’s homes and maritime benevolent institutions the Swedish diva Jenny Lind appeared on over thirty five figureheads in the eighteen hundreds. Though, undoubtedly certain sailors clung to superstitions about women and the ocean, during the nineteenth century feminine figures became sailor’s mascots rather than harbingers of bad luck.  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Clothed women also made popular figureheads in the 19th century. British ships often carried figures of female royalty like the Queen Victoria figure commissioned by Junius Smith (1780-1853) for his famous paddle steamer British Queen; a depiction of the queen in her coronation outfit, that she reportedly found quite flattering (Lewis 838). Shipbuilders and masters also commissioned becoming portraits of their wives and daughters for their own ships. Sometimes, these women were portrayed as neo-classical goddesses or as personifications of a ship’s homeport like the carving on the grain transporting craft Queen of Oregon (Lewis 837). Most likely because of her frequent contributions to sailor’s homes and maritime benevolent institutions the Swedish diva Jenny Lind appeared on over thirty five figureheads in the eighteen hundreds. Though, undoubtedly certain sailors clung to superstitions about women and the ocean, during the nineteenth century feminine figures became sailor’s mascots rather than harbingers of bad luck.  </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Neo-Classical==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Neo-Classical==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Legislation restricting the size and weight of figurehead sculptures and the amount of money designated for their creation combined changing fashions and aesthetics, transformed the style of  figureheads from the baroque to the “more austere Neo-classical style” (Sessions 20) towards the end of the 18th  century. Instead of multiple figures and characters, sculptors began creating “full-length, single figureheads on larger vessels and bust portraits and billetheads on smaller ships” (Sessions 20). </del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:decglory.jpg|150px|thumb|left|Greek goddess figurehead]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:decglory.jpg|150px|thumb|left|Greek goddess figurehead]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Legislation restricting the size and weight of figurehead sculptures and the amount of money designated for their creation combined changing fashions and aesthetics, transformed the style of  figureheads from the baroque to the “more austere Neo-classical style” (Sessions 20) towards the end of the 18th  century. Instead of multiple figures and characters, sculptors began creating “full-length, single figureheads on larger vessels and bust portraits and billetheads on smaller ships” (Sessions 20). </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Even when depictions of actual Greco-Roman mythology became less popular, sculptures of political figures or monarchs were usually still done in the style of neo-classicism. For example, as seen in a design drawing of a French ship of the line “Royal Louis”, the figurehead of Louis XV is shown “framed by lush tendrils in the transitional style between Rococo and Classisism, and with the whole figure in Roman dress, conforming to the taste of the time.” (Hansen 22).  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Even when depictions of actual Greco-Roman mythology became less popular, sculptures of political figures or monarchs were usually still done in the style of neo-classicism. For example, as seen in a design drawing of a French ship of the line “Royal Louis”, the figurehead of Louis XV is shown “framed by lush tendrils in the transitional style between Rococo and Classisism, and with the whole figure in Roman dress, conforming to the taste of the time.” (Hansen 22).  </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The mythological figures represented in the carvings were usually the same as the name of the ship it belonged to. “Apollo, Zeus, Mars, Mercury, Achilles, Andromeda, Venus, Naiad, and, naturally Neptune and Poseidon”(Hansen 21) are all examples. Neo-classical aesthetics remained popular with until wooden ships became obsolete in the 19th Century and were still seen “around the turn of the last century in the countless merchant ships which bore the names of classical gods and heroes” (Hansen 21).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The mythological figures represented in the carvings were usually the same as the name of the ship it belonged to. “Apollo, Zeus, Mars, Mercury, Achilles, Andromeda, Venus, Naiad, and, naturally Neptune and Poseidon”(Hansen 21) are all examples. Neo-classical aesthetics remained popular with until wooden ships became obsolete in the 19th Century and were still seen “around the turn of the last century in the countless merchant ships which bore the names of classical gods and heroes” (Hansen 21).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
</table>Bkpbhttp://cultureandcommunication.org/deadmedia/index.php?title=Nautical_Figureheads&diff=10982&oldid=prevBkpb at 17:02, 18 October 20102010-10-18T17:02:51Z<p></p>
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<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">Revision as of 17:02, 18 October 2010</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="L25" >Line 25:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 25:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Legislation restricting the size and weight of figurehead sculptures and the amount of money designated for their creation combined changing fashions and aesthetics, transformed the style of  figureheads from the baroque to the “more austere Neo-classical style” (Sessions 20) towards the end of the 18th  century. Instead of multiple figures and characters, sculptors began creating “full-length, single figureheads on larger vessels and bust portraits and billetheads on smaller ships” (Sessions 20).  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Legislation restricting the size and weight of figurehead sculptures and the amount of money designated for their creation combined changing fashions and aesthetics, transformed the style of  figureheads from the baroque to the “more austere Neo-classical style” (Sessions 20) towards the end of the 18th  century. Instead of multiple figures and characters, sculptors began creating “full-length, single figureheads on larger vessels and bust portraits and billetheads on smaller ships” (Sessions 20).  </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:decglory.jpg|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">100px</del>|thumb|left|Greek goddess figurehead]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:decglory.jpg|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">150px</ins>|thumb|left|Greek goddess figurehead]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Even when depictions of actual Greco-Roman mythology became less popular, sculptures of political figures or monarchs were usually still done in the style of neo-classicism. For example, as seen in a design drawing of a French ship of the line “Royal Louis”, the figurehead of Louis XV is shown “framed by lush tendrils in the transitional style between Rococo and Classisism, and with the whole figure in Roman dress, conforming to the taste of the time.” (Hansen 22).  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Even when depictions of actual Greco-Roman mythology became less popular, sculptures of political figures or monarchs were usually still done in the style of neo-classicism. For example, as seen in a design drawing of a French ship of the line “Royal Louis”, the figurehead of Louis XV is shown “framed by lush tendrils in the transitional style between Rococo and Classisism, and with the whole figure in Roman dress, conforming to the taste of the time.” (Hansen 22).  </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The mythological figures represented in the carvings were usually the same as the name of the ship it belonged to. “Apollo, Zeus, Mars, Mercury, Achilles, Andromeda, Venus, Naiad, and, naturally Neptune and Poseidon”(Hansen 21) are all examples. Neo-classical aesthetics remained popular with until wooden ships became obsolete in the 19th Century and were still seen “around the turn of the last century in the countless merchant ships which bore the names of classical gods and heroes” (Hansen 21).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The mythological figures represented in the carvings were usually the same as the name of the ship it belonged to. “Apollo, Zeus, Mars, Mercury, Achilles, Andromeda, Venus, Naiad, and, naturally Neptune and Poseidon”(Hansen 21) are all examples. Neo-classical aesthetics remained popular with until wooden ships became obsolete in the 19th Century and were still seen “around the turn of the last century in the countless merchant ships which bore the names of classical gods and heroes” (Hansen 21).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Religious Figures==  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Religious Figures==  </div></td></tr>
</table>Bkpb